With the prevalence of obesity in the general population, the incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing. According to an article at eMedicine, "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2," by Kenneth Patrick L Ligaray, M.D., diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, end-stage renal disease, and nontraumatic lower limb amputations in the United States.
Signs and Symptoms
Some diabetics may not have any symptoms. Signs of diabetes include increased thirst, urination, and excessive food consumption. Diabetes symptoms include irritability and fatigue. Diabetics may have unexplained weight loss. Blood sugar testing is used to diagnose diabetes. Many hospitals use a fasting glucose test.
Type II Diabetes Treatments
Type II diabetics may or may not need insulin treatments. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is important to ensure that blood sugar does not get too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia). Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding tobacco use, and getting regular exercise are lifestyle changes that can help prevent or slow the development of diabetes-related complications. Those who are obese can greatly reduce their risk of diabetes or reverse the condition with weight loss.
Type II Diabetes Complications
Diabetes is related to several complications that can be associated with vascular problems. Diabetics are at an increased risk for plaque buildup and arterial stenosis. Monitoring for these complications often begins when diabetes is diagnosed. Blindness is associated with diabetes. Yearly eye exams are advised because retinopathy may result from damage to the blood vessels that feed the retina.
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a cardiovascular disease affecting the legs. Those with PVD often have pain and cramping while walking; purple toes; shiny skin; thick, yellow toenails; and open sores that will not heal on the legs. Arterial Doppler ultrasound of the lower extremity is often used to determine the extent of blockage in the leg arteries. Smoking exacerbates this condition.
Hypertension is often present with cardiovascular disease and is one factor that can lead to renal failure, which is another complication of diabetes. Diabetics often have renal ultrasounds to examine the blood flow within the kidneys and to note any atrophic changes. Renal arterial Doppler ultrasound examines the blood flow in the renal arteries, which carry blood to the kidneys.
While type II diabetes mellitus may not be cured, it is important to make the appropriate lifestyle changes and take the appropriate medications under physician guidance. While diabetes-associated complications may be inevitable, proper treatment can prolong quality of life.
Resource
eMedicine: Diabetes Mellitus, Type II. Kenneth Patrick L Ligaray, M.D.
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